Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Faculty Image

Allam Jaya Prakash

Joined Institute on : 12-Oct-2026

  • Assistant Professor
  • Electronics and Communication Engg
  • Ph.D. (NIT Rourkela), PDF (United Arab Emirates University, UAE)
Contact Address

Dr. Allam Jaya Prakash, Room No. 103, Old Guest House, BIT Mesra, Ranchi-835215, Jharkhand, India. (Temporary)

Dr Allam Jaya Prakash S/O Divakara Rao, Venkampeta Village, Parvatipuram (Mandal and District), Andhra Pradesh-535522, Ph. No.: +91 9866218219.

  • Phone Office - +919866218219
  • Phone Residence - +918886858483
  • Email - jayaprakash@bitmesra.ac.in
Work Experience

Teaching : 8 Years

Research : 5 Years
Professional Background

Dr. Allam Jaya Prakash is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Birla Institute of Technology (BIT Mesra), Ranchi, India. He received his Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication Engineering, specializing in Artificial Intelligence, from the National Institute of Technology Rourkela in January 2024.

Prior to joining BIT Mesra, he served as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Information and Communication Technology at Adani University, Ahmedabad; a Senior Assistant Professor (Grade I) at the School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), VIT Vellore; and a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering at United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE. Earlier in his career, he worked as a Junior Research Fellow and Machine Learning Algorithms Developer at NIT Rourkela, followed by faculty positions at Tirumala College of Engineering, Guntur, and Thandrapaparaya Institute of Science and Technology, Bobbili.

His research interests include artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, biomedical signal processing, ECG analysis, non-invasive physiological monitoring, and AI-enabled healthcare systems. His professional achievements include publications in international journals and conferences, patent contributions, book authorship, editorial responsibilities, and research commercialization activities. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and a Fellow of IETE.
Research Areas

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Biomedical Signal Processing, ECG Signal Analysis and Classification, Non-Invasive Physiological Monitoring, Healthcare AI, Physiological Signal Processing, Computer Vision, and AI-Enabled Healthcare Systems.
Award and Honours

1. Award Title: Stanford Top 2% Scientists Recognition
Year: 2024
Description: Listed among Stanford's Top 2% Scientists in 2024.

2. Award Title: IEEE Senior Member
Year: 2024
Description: Elevated to Senior Member grade of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

3. Award Title: Best Student Presented Paper – First Place
Year: 2026
Description: Received First Place in the Best Student Presented Paper category at the IEEE International Conference on Electrical/Electronics, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Informatics (ICERAI 2026) for the paper “A Hybrid CNN–SVR Framework for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Estimation Using Photoplethysmography Signals.”

4. Award Title: Best Paper Award – ICMACC
Year: 2022
Description: Received the Best Paper Award at the IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Microelectronics, Automation, Computing and Communication Systems (ICMACC-2022) for the paper “A Light Weight Deep Learning Based Technique for Patient-Specific ECG Beat Classification.”

5. Award Title: Fellow, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)
Year: Enter the year shown on your fellowship certificate.
Description: Recognized as a Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), India.

6. Award Title: GATE Qualification
Year: 2013
Description: Qualified the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE).

7. Award Title: GATE Qualification
Year: 2012
Description: Qualified the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE).

8. Award Title: GATE Qualification
Year: 2010
Description: Qualified the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE).
Publications

  1. Allam Jaya Prakash, Kiran Kumar Patro, Palash Ingle, Jeevana Jyothi Pujari, Sidheswar Routray, Rutvij H. Jhaveri. “BreastCancerNet: Flask-Enabled Attention-Driven Hybrid Dual DNN Framework for Real-Time Breast Cancer Prediction.” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2025. JIF: 7.7 | Q1.

  2. Allam Jaya Prakash*, Kiran Kumar Patro, Saunak Samantray, Pradipta Sasmal, P. Lalitha Kumari, Tummalapalli Geetamma. “A New Approach of Transparent and Explainable Artificial Intelligence Technique for Patient-Specific ECG Beat Classification.” IEEE Sensors Letters, 2023. JIF: 2.2 | Q1.

  3. Allam Jaya Prakash*. “Capsule Network for the Identification of Individuals Using Quantized ECG Signal Images.” IEEE Sensors Letters, 2022. JIF: 2.2 | Q1.

  4. Allam Jaya Prakash, Mohamed Atef. “A Lightweight Deep Learning Approach for Patient-Specific Electrocardiogram Beat Classification Using Local and Long-Term Dependencies.” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2025. JIF: 9.0 | Q1.

  5. Allam Jaya Prakash*, Kiran Kumar Patro, Bala Chakravarthi Neelapu, Ryszard Tadeusiewicz, U. Rajendra Acharya, Mohamed Hammad, Ozal Yildirim, Pawel Plawiak. “Application of Kronecker Convolutions in Deep Learning Technique for Automated Detection of Kidney Stones with Coronal CT Images.” Information Sciences, 2023. JIF: 6.0 | Q1.

  6. Allam Jaya Prakash*, Suraj Prakash Sahoo, Samit Ari. “Multi-Stream Bi-GRU Network to Extract a Comprehensive Feature Set for ECG Signal Classification.” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2024. JIF: 5.7 | Q2.

  7. Allam Jaya Prakash*, Saunak Samantray, Samit Ari. “SpEC: A System for Patient-Specific ECG Beat Classification Using a Deep Residual Network.” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020. JIF: 4.9 | Q2.

  8. Allam Jaya Prakash*, Saunak Samantray, Suraj Prakash Sahoo, Samit Ari. “A Deformable CNN Architecture for Predicting Clinical Acceptability of ECG Signal.” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023. JIF: 4.9 | Q2.

  9. Allam Jaya Prakash*, Kiran Kumar Patro, Mohamed Hammad, Ryszard Tadeusiewicz, Pawel Plawiak. “BAED: A Secured Biometric Authentication System Using ECG Signal Based on Deep Learning Techniques.” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022. JIF: 4.9 | Q2.

  10. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash, Sandeep Madarapu, Samit Ari, Sidheswar Routray, Amrit Mukherjee, Shailendra Mishra. “MalNet-DAF: Dual-Attentive Fusion Deep Learning Model for Malaria Parasite Classification.” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2025. JIF: 7.7 | Q1.

  11. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash, Jaya Prakash Sahoo, Sidheswar Routray, Abdullah Baihan, Nagwan Abdel Samee, Gaojian Huang. “SMARTSeiz: Deep Learning with Attention Mechanism for Accurate Seizure Recognition in IoT Healthcare Devices.” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2023. JIF: 7.7 | Q1.

  12. Farhad Banoori, Nouman Ijaz, Jinglun Shi, Khalid Khan, Xiongying Liu, Sadique Ahmad, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Pawel Plawiak, Mohamed Hammad. “Few-Shot Bioacoustics Event Detection Using Transductive Inference with Data Augmentation.” IEEE Sensors Letters, 2024. JIF: 2.2 | Q1.

  13. Jagadeesh Thati, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Samit Ari.  “AdU-Net: A Novel Approach for Glacial Lake Extraction and Outburst Risk Assessment Using Satellite Imagery.” IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 2025. JIF: 9.9 (Impact Score) | Q1.

  14. Ilona Anna Urbaniak, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Karol Waligóra, Kiran Kumar Patro, Hemant Sharma, Divyansh Thakur. “Intelligent Breast Cancer Detection for Women’s Health: A CNN–FastKAN Hybrid Architecture with Strict Patient-Level Evaluation for Digital Pathology Consumer Systems.” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2026. JIF: 9.9 | Q1.

  15. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash*, V. Hari Prasad, Hemant Sharma. “ToxFuse: A Dual-Stream Hybrid AI Framework Integrating Contextual Transformers and Statistical Features for Toxic Comment Detection.” IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 2026. JIF: 4.6 | Q2.

  16. Arpita Panigrahi, Atin Mukherjee, Hemant Sharma, Allam Jaya Prakash. “Information Fusion for Contactless Respiration: Combining Facial Imaging Photoplethysmography and Upper-Torso Motion in Canonical Subspace.” Computers and Electrical Engineering, 2026. JIF: 5.5 | Q1.

  17. Hanan Abdelmotagally, Allam Jaya Prakash, Rabah Iratni, Mohamed Atef, Mousa Hussein. “DieleNet: Dielectric Properties Based Breast Cancer Classification Using Deep Learning.” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2026. JIF: 5.7 | Q2.

  18. Kameswara Rao Pedada, Bhujanga Rao, Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Mona M. Jamjoom, Nagwan Abdel Samee. “A Novel Approach for Brain Tumour Detection Using Deep Learning-Based Technique.” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2023. JIF: 5.7 | Q2.

  19. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Mohamed Hammad, Ryszard Tadeusiewicz, Pawel Plawiak. “SCovNet: A Skip Connection-Based Feature Union Deep Learning Technique with Statistical Approach Analysis for the Detection of COVID-19.” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023. JIF: 4.9 | Q2.

  20. Anusaya Swain, Shrishail M. Hiremath, Sarat Kumar Patra, Allam Jaya Prakash. “SADR-Net: Squeeze-Attention Deconvolutional Residual Network for End-to-End Channel Estimation and CSI Feedback in Massive MIMO Systems.” Physical Communication, 2026. 

  21. Gokul Krishnan Nair, Aaryan Bhushan, Hari Kishor Muchenedi, Allam Jaya Prakash. “The Statistical Unit Determines the Result: Image-Level versus Specimen-Level Evaluation in a 41-Image Liquid Crystal Microscopy Case Study.” Materials Today Communications, 2026. JIF: 4.9 | Q2.

  22. Pradipta Sasmal, Vanshali Sharma, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Manas Kamal Bhuyan, Kiran Kumar Patro, Nagwan Abdel Samee, Hayam Alamro, et al. “Semi-Supervised Generative Adversarial Networks for Improved Colorectal Polyp Classification Using Histopathological Images.” Information Sciences, 2024. JIF: 6.0 | Q1.

  23. Mohammad Iman Junaid, Allam Jaya Prakash, Samit Ari. “Human Gait Recognition Using Joint Spatiotemporal Modulation in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.” Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 2024. JIF: 2.8 | Q2.

  24. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash*, Umamaheswararao Sanapala, et al. “An Effective Correlation-Based Data Modeling Framework for Automatic Diabetes Prediction Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques.” BMC Bioinformatics, 2023. 

  25. Allam Jaya Prakash, Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem, Ibrahim M. Elfadel, Herbert F. Jelinek, Mohamed Atef. “Advances in Machine and Deep Learning for ECG Beat Classification: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Digital Health, 2025. JIF: 5.2 | Q1.

  26. Allam Jaya Prakash, Kiran Kumar Patro, Saunak Samantray, Pawel Plawiak, Mohamed Hammad. “A Deep Learning Technique for Biometric Authentication Using ECG Beat Template Matching.” Information, 2023. 

  27. Lakkakula Kavya, Yepuganti Karuna, Saladi Saritha, Allam Jaya Prakash, Kiran Kumar Patro, Suraj Prakash Sahoo, Ryszard Tadeusiewicz, Pawel Plawiak. “A Review of Shockable Arrhythmia Detection of ECG Signals Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques.” International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 2024.

  28. Jaya Prakash Sahoo, Allam Jaya Prakash, Pawel Plawiak, Saunak Samantray. “Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition Using Fine-Tuned Convolutional Neural Network.” Sensors, 2022. 

  29. Mohamed Hammad, Samia Allaoua Chelloug, Reem Alkanhel, Allam Jaya Prakash, Ammar Muthanna, Ibrahim A. Elgendy, Pawel Plawiak. “Automated Detection of Myocardial Infarction and Heart Conduction Disorders Based on Feature Selection and a Deep Learning Model.” Sensors, 2022. 

  30. Vikas K. Sinha, Allam Jaya Prakash, Kiran Kumar Patro, Pawel Plawiak, . “Smartphone-Based Human Sitting Behaviors Recognition Using Inertial Sensor.” Sensors, 2021. 

  31. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash, Saunak Samantray. “A Hybrid Approach of Deep Learning Technique for Real-Time ECG Beat Classification.” International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 2022. 

  32. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash, M. Jayamanmadha Rao, P. Rajesh Kumar. “An Efficient Optimized Feature Selection with Machine Learning Approach for ECG Biometric Recognition.” IETE Journal of Research, 2022. 

  33. B. Venkata Phanikrishna, Allam Jaya Prakash, Chinara Suchismitha. “Deep Review of Machine Learning Techniques on Detection of Drowsiness Using EEG Signal.” IETE Journal of Research, 2023. 

  34. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash, Geetamma Tummalapalli, P. Lalitha Kumari, M. Jaya Manmadha Rao. “Detection of Cardiac Abnormalities in ECG Signal Using Time-Based Signal Processing Algorithm.” International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics, 2025. 

  35. Haytham Al Ewaidat, Allam Jaya Prakash, Nagwan Abdel Samee, Kiran Kumar Patro, Pawel Plawiak, Noha F. Mahmoud, Mohamed Hammad. “The Knowledge and Perception About COVID-19 Among Medical Imaging Professionals.” Health & Social Care in the Community, 2023.

  36. Shivashankar Hiremath, Eeshan Shetty, Allam Jaya Prakash, Suraj Prakash Sahoo, Kiran Kumar Patro, Kandala NVPS Rajesh, Pawel Plawiak. “A New Approach to Data Analysis Using Machine Learning for Cybersecurity.” Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 2023. 

  • Conferences:

  1. Alyazya Aleissaee, Bashyer Al Kalbani, Jannah Alfalasi, Maitha Alyileili, Noura Alahbabi, Allam Jaya Prakash, Mohamed Atef. “A Hybrid CNN–SVR Framework for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Estimation Using Photoplethysmography Signals.” IEEE ICERAI, 2026 (Best Paper Award).

  2. Allam Jaya Prakash, Mohamed Atef. “Multi-Scale Feature Extraction for ECG Beat Classification Using a CNN–Transformer Network with Imbalance Mitigation.” IEEE ISCAS, 2025.

  3. Abdullah Khawatmi, Allam Jaya Prakash, Mohamed Atef. “Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Using Hybrid Deep Learning with Residual CNNs and Multi-Head Attention.” IEEE BioCAS, 2025.

  4. Allam Jaya Prakash, Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem, Herbert F. Jelinek, Ibrahim M. Elfadel, Mohamed Atef. “Multimodal Signal Edge-Optimised Deep Learning Model for Real-Time Auditory Attention Classification.” IEEE BioCAS, 2025.

  5. Birendra Biswal, Allam Jaya Prakash. “A New Approach to Time–Time Transform and Pattern Recognition of Non-Stationary Signal Using Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network.” FICTA, 2013.

  6. Allam Jaya Prakash, Samit Ari. “AAMI Standard Cardiac Arrhythmia Detection with Random Forest Using Mixed Features.” IEEE INDICON, 2019.

  7. Allam Jaya Prakash, Saunak Samantray, Samit Ari. “A Lightweight Deep Learning-Based Technique for Patient-Specific ECG Beat Classification.” IEEE ICMACC, 2022. Best Paper Award.

  • Book Chapters

  1. Kiran Kumar Patro, Allam Jaya Prakash, Babji Prasad Chapa, P. Lalitha Kumari, Mohamed Hammad. “Artificial Intelligence-Based Biometric Authentication Using ECG Signal.” In Artificial Intelligence for Biometrics and Cybersecurity: Technology and Applications, 2023.

  2. Allam Jaya Prakash, Samit Ari. “A System for Automatic Cardiac Arrhythmia Recognition Using Electrocardiogram Signal.” In Bioelectronics and Medical Devices, Elsevier, 2019.

  3. Allam Jaya Prakash, Saunak Samantray, C. H. Laxmi Bala, Y. V. Narayana. “An Automated Diagnosis System for Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification.” In Analysis of Medical Modalities for Improved Diagnosis in Modern Healthcare, CRC Press, 2021.

  4. Allam Jaya Prakash, Saunak Samantray, Chinmaya Behara, Ketan Kishor Kurkute, Vikas Kumar Sinha. “Customized Deep Learning Algorithm for Drowsiness Detection Using Single-Channel EEG Signal.” In Artificial Intelligence-Based Brain-Computer Interface, Elsevier, 2022.

  5. Allam Jaya Prakash, Saunak Samantray, Samit Ari. “Patient-Specific ECG Beat Classification Using EMD and Deep Learning-Based Technique.” In Advanced Methods in Biomedical Signal Processing and Analysis, Elsevier, 2023.

  6. Allam Jaya Prakash, Saunak Samantray, Samit Ari. “Empirical Wavelet Transform and Deep Learning-Based Technique for ECG Beat Classification.” In Advanced Methods in Biomedical Signal Processing and Analysis, Elsevier, 2023.

  7. Govinda Rao Locharla, Revathi Pogiri, Allam Jaya Prakash. “EEG-Based Deep Learning Neural Net for Apnea Detection.” In Artificial Intelligence-Based Brain-Computer Interface, Elsevier, 2022.
Member of Professional Bodies

1. Professional Body: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Membership Grade: Senior Member
Description: Senior Member of IEEE, recognizing professional experience and significant performance in the field of engineering.

2. Professional Body: Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)
Membership Grade: Fellow
Description: Fellow of IETE, India, recognizing professional contributions to electronics and telecommunication engineering.
Current Sponsored Projects

Project Title: UAEU SIP Research-to-Commercialization (R2C) Program 2026

Funding Agency: United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) Science & Innovation Park

Funding Amount: AED 100,000

Project Duration: 2025–2026 

Role: Co-PI

Project Description: Selected for the UAEU SIP Research-to-Commercialization Program 2026, hosted at the UAEU Science & Innovation Park, with AED 100,000 in program funding to support research commercialization.
Text and Reference Books

1. Book Title: Cutting-edge Computational Intelligence in Healthcare with Convolution and Kronecker Convolution-based Approaches
Authors: Allam Jaya Prakash, Kiran Kumar Patro, and Pawel Plawiak
Publisher: Academic Press, Elsevier
Year: 2026
Type: Text/Reference Book
ISBN (Paperback): 9780443330827
ISBN (eBook): 9780443330834

2. Book Title: Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare: Methods, Tools, and Case Studies
Editors: Karthik K., Allam Jaya Prakash, M. S. Krishnamurthy, Ranjithkumar S., Mehfooza, and M. Benazir
Publisher: Bentham Science
Year: 2026–2027
Type: Edited Book (Editing Stage)
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

1. Smart Glasses for Enhanced Navigation and Accessibility for the Visually Impaired
Country: India | Patent No.: 419543-001 | Year: 2025 | Status: Granted
Inventors: Manthiraju Sri Vijaya Karthikeya, Muchenedi Hari Kishor, Allam Jaya Prakash

2. A Mobile Based Cardiac Health Monitoring System Using Deep Residual Network
Country: India | Application No.: 202231071330 | Filing Date: 10 December 2022 | Status: Granted
Inventors: S. Ari, Allam Jaya Prakash

3. Multi-Branch Biometric Sensor for ECG Authentication
Country: United Kingdom | Application No.: 645639 | Publication Date: 15 July 2025 | Status: Granted
Inventors: Mohamed Hammad, Ali Abdullah AlQahtani, Abdelhamied A. Ateya, Mohamed ElAffendi, Jaya Prakash Allam

4. Compact Computer Tool for Edge Node Allocation in Open RAN
Country: United Kingdom | Application No.: 6456397 | Publication Date: 15 July 2025 | Status: Granted 
Inventors: Abdelhamied A. Ateya, Mohamed Hammad, Mohamed ElAffendi, Banavathu Rao, Jaya Prakash Allam

5. System and Method for Continuous Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Mobile Computing Device Based on a Multi-Wavelength PPG Signal
Country: United States | Application No.: 19/679,968 | Filing Date: 18 May 2026 | Status: Patent application submitted
Assignee: United Arab Emirates University
Inventors: Mohamed Atef Elsayed Abdelaal, Asmaa Hosni, Jaya Prakash Allam

6. System and Method for Continuous Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Mobile Computing Device Based on a Multi-Wavelength PPG Signal
Country: United Arab Emirates | Application No.: P2026-01691 | Status: Patent application submitted
Assignee: United Arab Emirates University
Inventors: Mohamed Atef Elsayed Abdelaal, Asmaa Farouk Mohammed Hosni, Jaya Prakash Allam

7. Object Detection and Navigation Device
Country: India | Application No.: 422399-001 | Status: FER submitted
Inventors: Vishesh Goyal, Manav Sudhir Goel, Gyanvi Upadhyay, Allam Jaya Prakash, Muchenedi Hari Kishor
Fellow

Award Title: Fellow, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)

Description: Recognized as a Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), India, in recognition of professional contributions to electronics, telecommunications, and engineering research.

Year: 2026
Member, Editorial Board

1. Journal: Frontiers in Biomedical Signal Processing
Role: Editor-in-Chief
Publisher/Organization: Institute of Emerging and Computer Engineers (IECE)
Duration: December 2024 – Present

2. Journal: Journal of Computational Optimization and Reasoning
Role: Academic Editor
Publisher/Organization: Institute of Emerging and Computer Engineers (IECE)
Duration: December 2024 – Present

3. Journal: PLOS Computational Biology
Role: Academic Editor
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLOS)
Duration: January 2025 – Present

4. Journal: SmartHealth
Role: Founding Editorial Board Member
Publisher: LumoScience
Duration: September 2025 – Present

5. Journal: IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics (JBHI)
Role: Guest Editor
Special Issue: Role of AI and Explainable AI in Integrative Approaches for Healthcare Data Analysis

6. Journal: IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics (JBHI)
Role: Lead Guest Editor
Special Issue: Multimodal Edge-Artificial Intelligence for Real-Time Digital Twins in Personalized Healthcare

7. Journal: AI
Publisher: MDPI
Role: Guest Editor
Special Issue: Intelligent Data-Driven Approaches for Next-Generation Medical Diagnosis and Healthcare Systems